Intervention Summary
Victim Offender Restitution Services (VORS)
Victim Offender Restitution Services (VORS) is a voluntary victim-offender mediation program for urban youth and adolescents who have been arrested for the first or second time for nonviolent crimes such as graffiti vandalism, shoplifting, "joy riding," burglary, and assaults without a weapon. Based on restorative justice, VORS emphasizes that a crime is an offense against a victim as well as State-enforced norms. The goal of VORS is to alter the way youth offenders think about criminal activity by having them focus on their accountability and repair the harm done to their victim and thereby reduce involvement in the justice system.
The core of the program is the transformational mediation session, attended by the victim, the offender, the offender's parent or guardian, and facilitated by one or two volunteer mediators. The session provides the offender an opportunity to demonstrate remorse and experience feelings of empathy toward the victim. The victim also gets to express the pain or discomfort experienced as a result of the crime. The youth may take responsibility for his or her actions through verbal statements and a written agreement to make some form of restitution to the victim. The 1- to 1.5-hour session includes the following components:
- Introduction: To create a safe and structured environment for communication, the mediators set the ground rules and the victim and offender agree to them
- Narrative: The offender describes what happened and acknowledges his or her responsibility for the crime, and the victim expresses the hurt, pain, and loss associated with the event
- Reaching an agreement: The victim and offender discuss restitution (money, community service, and/or letter of apology), and the agreement is documented, signed by both parties, and subsequently forwarded to the referral agency
- Closure and congratulations: Mediators thank the victim and offender for participating
An important feature of VORS is that participation is completely voluntary and confidential for the offender and victim. If either party chooses not to participate, the offender is returned to the referring agency within the criminal justice system.
To become a certified VORS mediator, volunteers must complete 25 hours of training and commit to participate in 1 at least mediation per month, for a total of 12 mediation sessions. The offenders included in the study reviewed for this summary were ages 13-17 years.
Descriptive Information
Areas of Interest | Mental health promotion |
Outcomes |
1: Youth restitution 2: Youth recidivism |
Outcome Categories | Crime/delinquency |
Ages | 13-17 (Adolescent) |
Genders |
Male Female |
Races/Ethnicities |
Asian Black or African American Hispanic or Latino White Race/ethnicity unspecified |
Settings |
School Workplace Other community settings |
Geographic Locations | Urban |
Implementation History | The intervention was created to serve south and southwest Los Angeles County, California, and later expanded to serve all of Los Angeles County. Operated under the auspices of a collaboration team composed of all agencies in the juvenile justice system and headed by the Presiding judge, VORS has conducted over 5300 mediations. The implementing agency is Centinela Youth Services (CYS), formerly known as Centinela Valley Juvenile Diversion Project. Other agencies have been assisted in replicating the program in San Diego, California and Memphis, Tennessee. |
NIH Funding/CER Studies |
Partially/fully funded by National Institutes of Health: No Evaluated in comparative effectiveness research studies: Yes |
Adaptations | All program materials for clients have been translated into Spanish. |
Adverse Effects | No adverse effects, concerns, or unintended consequences were identified by the developer. |
IOM Prevention Categories | Indicated |
Quality of Research
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Readiness for Dissemination
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Costs
The cost information below was provided by the developer. Although this cost information may have been updated by the developer since the time of review, it may not reflect the current costs or availability of items (including newly developed or discontinued items). The implementation point of contact can provide current information and discuss implementation requirements.
Additional InformationNote: The Costs section provides costs of new materials that have been released since the review was completed. Please note, however, that the readiness for dissemination evaluation is based upon the older materials. Below is the list of new materials: Program Implementation Materials Centinela Youth Services, Inc. Umbreit, M. & Lewis, T. Victim-Offender Restitution Services (VORS) program implementation manual. Hawthorne, CA: Centinela Youth Services, Inc. Umbreit, M. & Lewis, T. Victim-Offender Restitution Services (VORS) mediation training manual. Hawthorne, CA: Centinela Youth Services, Inc. Umbreit, M. & Lewis, T. Victim-Offender Restitution Services (VORS) train the trainer manual. Hawthorne, CA: Centinela Youth Services, Inc. Sample agenda for training. Background on the Program and on the Materials needed to Replicate the Evidence-Based Victim Offender Restitution Services (VORS). Hawthorne, CA: Centinela Youth Services, Inc. Video of mediation training delivered by University of Minnesota. All training materials were prepared with the University of Minnesota, Center for Restorative Justice, Dr. Mark Umbreit, Director. |